• br Acknowledgements This work was supported under the Nation

  2021-11-23

  

  Acknowledgements This work was supported under the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant numbers 31200576, 21472197, 21675162), Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 7182189), and Project supported by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant

• Defining the cooperation between molecular pathways within h

  2021-11-22

  

  Defining the cooperation between molecular pathways within highly complex biological systems, such as those between immune cell networks and target tissues is certainly a hard task. Recently, there are many investigations in the pathogenesis of renal graft rejection, one of the most evident investig

• The H R couples to G i o

  2021-11-22

  

  The H3R couples to Gαi/o proteins, and hence its stimulation leads to inhibition of adenyalate cyclases, diminishing the level of cyclic AMP (cAMP) with the subsequent reduction in downstream signaling pathways such as protein kinase A (PKA) activation and cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CR

• br Acknowledgments Work in SI s laboratory is supported by

  2021-11-22

  

  Acknowledgments Work in SI’s laboratory is supported by grant IM 20/4-1 from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn (Germany) and grant EKFS 2012_A309 from the Else Kröner Fresenius Stiftung, Bad Homburg (Germany). FW’s group is supported by the Dr Vaillant Foundation and the Dutch Burns Found

• In the a first in vitro indication of modulation of

  2021-11-22

  

  In the 2003, a first in vitro indication of modulation of FXR expression in CRC showed that FXR expression was absent in undifferentiated colon carcinoma cell line SW480, while it was progressively increasing along with the degree of cell differentiation in Caco2 and HT29 cells, and its transcriptio

• br Conclusion br Conflict of interest

  2021-11-20

  

  Conclusion Conflict of interest Introduction The human epithelial receptor 2 (HER2 or erbb2) is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases that act through the EGF signaling cascade [1,2]. Approximately 20% of breast cancers overexpress HER2

• br Conclusion and future perspectives The nicotinic acid rec

  2021-11-20

  

  Conclusion and future perspectives The nicotinic 4 oht receptor receptor GPR109A and its close relatives GPR109B and GPR81 are primarily expressed in adipocytes and are coupled to Gi-type G proteins. Recently, the ketone body β-hydroxy-butyrate, the β-oxidation intermediate 3-hydroxy octanoic ac

• Differentiation to either Th or Th cells is significantly

  2021-11-20

  

  Differentiation to either Th1 or Th2 5720 is significantly influenced by the relative expression of T-bet and GATA-3, respectively (Zhu et al., 2006, Jenner et al., 2009). T-bet acts as a key regulator of Th1 cell fate determination and directly activates IFN-γ and suppresses IL-4 (Szabo et al., 20

• Fucoidan br Several reports have shown an

  2021-11-20

  

  Several reports have shown an anti-proliferative effect of type I IFNs on CD4+ T Fucoidan activated in vitro either upon anti-CD3 antibody treatment [28,29] or upon cognate antigen stimulation [29]. However, the in vivo setting is a lot more complex, since the final outcome is the net effect of t

• br Introduction Glycoproteins represent a staggeringly small

  2021-11-20

  

  Introduction Glycoproteins represent a staggeringly small fraction of proteins analyzed by high-resolution techniques despite high concentrations at the cell surface and critical roles in many human diseases. Though one-half or more of all human proteins are predicted to contain a carbohydrate ch

• The LBD experiences a large scale

  2021-11-20

  

  The LBD experiences a large-scale conformational transition between open and closed states upon agonist binding within the cleft separating the two lobes of the domain. The upper lobe (Lobe 1, also called D1) is connected to the ATD, and the lower lobe (Lobe 2, also called D2) is connected to the TM

• br Results br Discussion Postsynaptic trafficking of AMPA re

  2021-11-20

  

  Results Discussion Postsynaptic trafficking of AMPA receptors, a process responsible for maintaining the steady-state level of AMPA receptor synaptic transmission, is believed to also actively partake in glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in principal neurons, such the hippocampal CA1 cells. He

• br Preclinical development of GIP

  2021-11-19

  

  Preclinical development of GIP agonists Since the action of DPP IV is not limited to GIP, the most specific pharmacological approach for GIP would be modification at the N-terminus to disrupt DPP IV-mediated degradation. Indeed, it has been shown that GIP analogues with N-terminal modifications a

• For many plasma membrane receptors including

  2021-11-19

  

  For many plasma membrane receptors including GPCRs, their density on the cell-surface is finely controlled by various transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms, and is often a determinant of overall receptor function in a cell. To date, the transcriptional regulation an

• Both preclinical and clinical studies have

  2021-11-19

  

  Both preclinical and clinical studies have identified a distributed set of CNS nuclei that participate in cognitive control of feeding behavior. Preclinical studies that utilize restricted access feeding schedules (RFS) indicate that rodents learn to anticipate delivery of scheduled meals as indicat

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